David Williams’ Probability with Martingales is a staple text for second-year probability courses at Cambridge and a rite of passage for aspiring mathematicians. It is renowned for its elegance, brevity, and the author's distinct voice—often witty, sometimes cryptic, but always rigorous.
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Let $(X_n)_n\geq 1$ be a martingale. Show that $\mathbbE[X_n] = \mathbbE[X_1]$ for all $n \geq 1$. Cambridge DAMTP Resources: Since this book was written
The Allure of Martingales
By the end of the book, Elena had a method, distilled from Williams’ marginal notes and problem design:
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